The pulmonary endothelium is a metabolically active continuous monolayer of squamous
endothelial cells that internally lines blood vessels and mediates key processes involved in …

Two novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans in the twenty-first century: severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome …

Abundant natural flavonoids can induce nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)
and/or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which play crucial roles in the …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the first cells recruited to inflammatory sites and form the
earliest line of defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 …

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a multifunctional nuclear protein, exists mainly within
the nucleus of all mammal eukaryotic cells. It is actively secreted by the necrotic cells as a …

SARS-CoV is a pathogenic coronavirus that emerged from a zoonotic reservoir, leading to
global dissemination of the virus. The association SARS-CoV with aberrant cytokine …

The past several years have seen the accumulation of evidence demonstrating that tissue
injury induced by diverse toxicants is due not only to their direct effects on target tissues but …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome with high mortality rates (∼ 50%) is associated with a
novel group 2c betacoronavirus designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus …

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ABSTRACT MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) plays a
crucial role in many major cellular processes including metabolism, proliferation and …