The regulation of stomatal aperture opening and closure represents an evolutionary battle
between plants and pathogens, characterized by adaptive strategies that influence both …

The discovery and application of genome editing introduced a new era of plant breeding by
giving researchers efficient tools for the precise engineering of crop genomes. Here we …

Callose is an important linear form of polysaccharide synthesized in plant cell walls. It is
mainly composed of β-1, 3-linked glucose residues with rare amount of β-1, 6-linked …

Stomata serve as the battleground between plants and plant pathogens. Plants can perceive
pathogens, inducing closure of the stomatal pore, while pathogens can overcome this …

Evolutionarily, early-branching xanthomonads, also referred to as clade-1 xanthomonads,
include major plant pathogens, most of which colonize monocotyledonous plants. Seven …

Pyrophosphatases (PPases) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
(PPi), a byproduct of the synthesis and degradation of diverse biomolecules. The …

Rice–Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) is one of the commonly used rice models of
host–pathogen interactions. Xoc causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and has quarantine …

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of bacterial blight, one of the most
devastating diseases of rice. Pathogenic bacteria possess numerous transcriptional …

Evolutionary early-branching xanthomonads, also referred to as clade-1 xanthomonads,
include major plant pathogens, most of which colonize monocotyledonous plants. Seven …

XopAO was predicted to be a type 3 effector based on homology to Rip38, a predicted type 3
effector from Ralstonia solanacearum (Potnis et al., 2011). XopAP (XCV3138 in X …