Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Laboratory testing has been a key tool in managing the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic.
While rapid antigen and PCR testing has proven useful for diagnosing acute SARS-CoV-2 …

Biological sex and age have profound effects on immune responses throughout the lifespan
and impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Mounting evidence from …

Background Vaccines and vaccine boosting have blunted excess morbidity and mortality
from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in older …

COVID-19 vaccination strategies, including heterologous prime–boost regimens and
additional booster doses, aim to optimize immune responses. However …

Vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus or infection with SARS-CoV-2 will lead to the
development of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However …

Purpose In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and
adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study …

We evaluated the performance of SARS-CoV-2 assays in the vaccinated group using
receptor-binding domain antibody assays (RBD Ab assay), neutralizing antibody assay (nAb …

Vaccination has emerged as the most effective tool in the battle against COVID-19. To
optimize vaccination protocols, a deeper understanding of the immune response to …