Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the
physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

There is growing evidence that patients with Type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of
developing Parkinson's disease and share similar dysregulated pathways suggesting …

Addictive drugs have in common that they target the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA)
system. This system originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projects mainly to the …

Addiction is associated with neuroplasticity in the corticostriatal brain circuitry that is
important for guiding adaptive behaviour. The hierarchy of corticostriatal information …

In recent years, an emerging body of evidence has forged links between Parkinson's
disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In observational studies, those with …

Addiction is a state of compulsive drug use; despite treatment and other attempts to control
drug taking, addiction tends to persist. Clinical and laboratory observations have converged …

OBJECTIVE: A primary behavioral pathology in drug addiction is the overpowering
motivational strength and decreased ability to control the desire to obtain drugs. In this …

Drugs of abuse have very different acute mechanisms of action but converge on the brain's
reward pathways by producing a series of common functional effects after both acute and …