Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-HFS) is the
preferred surgical treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. In the 15 years since its …

Loss of consciousness is associated with the disruption of long-range thalamocortical and
corticocortical brain communication. We tested the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutic option for intractable neurological and
psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and major depression. Because of the …

Parkinson's disease is a common and disabling disorder of movement owing to
dopaminergic denervation of the striatum. However, it is still unclear how this denervation …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a well-characterized form of synaptic plasticity that fulfils
many of the criteria for a neural correlate of memory. LTP has been studied in a variety of …

The huge number of neurons in the human brain are connected to form functionally
specialized assemblies. The brain's amazing processing capabilities rest on local …

Axial motor signs—including gait impairment, postural instability and postural abnormalities—
are common and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson disease …

Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are enduring changes in synaptic strength,
induced by specific patterns of synaptic activity, that have received much attention as cellular …

The current mainstay treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of dopamine
replacement therapy which, in addition to causing several side effects, does not delay …