Current seasonal influenza vaccines, which mainly target hemagglutinin (HA), require
annual updates due to the continuous antigenic drift of the influenza virus. Developing an …

Introduction Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against
influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better …

Continuously evolving influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and pose global
pandemic threats. Although viral neuraminidase (NA) is an effective drug and vaccine target …

Current Influenza virus vaccines primarily induce antibody responses against variable
epitopes in hemagglutinin (HA), necessitating frequent updates. However, antibodies …

Immune responses to influenza (flu) antigens reflect memory of prior infections or
vaccinations, which might influence immunity to new flu antigens. Memory of past antigens …