▪ Abstract Synaptic transmission is a dynamic process. Postsynaptic responses wax and
wane as presynaptic activity evolves. This prominent characteristic of chemical synaptic …

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have many benefits but also many side effects, including
aggression, agitation, and irritability, in some patients with epilepsy. This article offers a …

Our understanding of the molecular properties of kainate receptors and their involvement in
synaptic physiology has progressed significantly over the last 30 years. A plethora of studies …

The dentate gyrus provides the main input to the hippocampus. Information reaches the CA3
region through mossy fibre synapses made by dentate granule cell axons. Synaptic plasticity …

Two decades have passed since the first report of the cloning of a kainate-type glutamate
receptor (KAR) subunit. The intervening years have seen a rapid growth in our …

Glutamate acts on postsynaptic glutamate receptors to mediate excitatory communication
between neurons. The discovery that additional presynaptic glutamate receptors can …

Calcium (Ca2+) plays fundamental and diversified roles in neuronal plasticity. As second
messenger of many signaling pathways, Ca2+ as been shown to regulate neuronal gene …

Decades after the discovery that ionic zinc is present at high levels in glutamatergic synaptic
vesicles, where, when, and how much zinc is released during synaptic activity remains …

This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and
their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous …

Two main forms of long-term potentiation (LTP)—a prominent model for the cellular
mechanism of learning and memory—have been distinguished in the mammalian brain …