In 1925, 5-methylcytosine was first reported in bacteria. However, its biological importance
was not intuitive for several decades. After this initial lag, the ubiquitous presence of this …

Rare diseases affect 30 million people in the USA and more than 300–400 million
worldwide, often causing chronic illness, disability, and premature death. Traditional …

Chronic antigen stimulation during viral infections and cancer can lead to T cell exhaustion,
which is characterized by reduced effector function and proliferation, and the expression of …

Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, histone modification, and
microRNA (miRNA), can produce heritable phenotypic changes without a change in DNA …

Single-cell RNA sequencing has revealed extensive transcriptional cell state diversity in
cancer, often observed independently of genetic heterogeneity, raising the central question …

DNA methylation is one of the most important epigenetic mechanisms to regulate gene
expression, which is highly dynamic during development and specifically maintained in …

Cell therapy practices date back to the 19th century and continue to expand on
investigational and investment grounds. Cell therapy includes stem cell-and non–stem cell …

Liquid biopsies, in particular, analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), have emerged as a
promising noninvasive diagnostic approach in oncology. Abnormal distribution of DNA …

Mitochondria are not only the main energy supplier but are also the cell metabolic center
regulating multiple key metaborates that play pivotal roles in epigenetics regulation. These …

Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, occurring in close
proximity to hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. Recurrent somatic mutations that lead …