Oxidative stress-induced damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered to
be a key factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology. RPE cells are …

The generic mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway is shared by four
distinct cascades, including the extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2), Jun amino …

Free radicals, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), hydrogen sulphide, and
hydrogen peroxide play an important role in both intracellular and intercellular signaling; …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has reached pandemic proportions and effective prevention
strategies are wanted. Its onset is accompanied by cellular distress, the nuclear factor …

Humans are unique indiscriminate carotenoid accumulators, so the human body
accumulates a wide range of dietary carotenoids of different types and to varying …

Acute inflammation is a key component of the immune system's response to pathogens, toxic
agents, or tissue injury, involving the stimulation of defense mechanisms aimed to removing …

Acrylamide (ACR) is a classic neurotoxin in animals and humans. However, the mechanism
underlying ACR neurotoxicity remains controversial, and effective prevention and treatment …

Zeaxanthin, a non-provitamin A carotenoid that belongs to the xanthophyll family, has been
less studied than its isomer lutein. However, zeaxanthin has also been shown to have a …

Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-response
transcriptional activator that promotes carcinogenesis through metabolic reprogramming …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the
neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and …