Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain …

Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are the main source of acetylcholine in the striatum
and are believed to play an important role in basal ganglia physiology and pathophysiology …

Animals acquire motor skills to better survive and adapt to a changing environment. The
ability to learn novel motor actions without disturbing learned ones is essential to …

Motor adaptation to perturbations is provided by learning mechanisms operating in the
cerebellum and basal ganglia. The cerebellum normally performs motor adaptation through …

The striatum can be divided into four anatomically and functionally distinct domains: the
dorsolateral, dorsomedial, ventral and the more recently identified caudolateral (tail) …

In behavioral learning, reward-related events are encoded into phasic dopamine (DA)
signals in the brain. In particular, unexpected reward omission leads to a phasic decrease in …

The basal ganglia (BG) plays a key role in action selection. Physiological experiments have
suggested that the reciprocal interaction between tonically active neurons (TANs) and …

In order to understand the link between substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) cell loss and
Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms, we developed a multiscale computational model that …

An animal's choice behavior is shaped by the outcome feedback from selected actions in a
trial-and-error approach. Tonically active neurons (TANs), presumed cholinergic …

Cholinergic interneurons in the striatum, also known as tonically active interneurons or
TANs, are thought to have a strong effect on corticostriatal plasticity and on striatal activity …