Multidrug resistance (MDR) occurs frequently after long-term chemotherapy, resulting in
refractory cancer and tumor recurrence. Therefore, combatting MDR is an important issue …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing
cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms …

Autophagy is an important homeostatic cellular recycling mechanism responsible for
degrading unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular organelles and proteins in all living cells …

It is not surprising that the demise of a cell is a complex well-controlled process. Apoptosis,
the first genetically programmed death process identified, has been extensively studied and …

Autophagy has been of novel interest since it was first demonstrated to have effect in
Burkitt's lymphoma. Since that time, the autophagy agents chloroquine and …

Autophagy is a type of cellular catabolic degradation response to nutrient starvation or
metabolic stress. The main function of autophagy is to maintain intracellular metabolic …

Studies in a variety of model organisms indicate that nutrient signaling is tightly coupled to
longevity. In nutrient replete conditions, organisms develop, grow, and age quickly. When …

Lung cancer remains a major threat to human health. Low dose CT scan (LDCT) has
become the main method of early screening for lung cancer due to the low sensitivity of …

Recent findings have revealed that dysregulated miRNAs contribute significantly to
autophagy and chemoresistance. Pharmacologically targeting autophagy-related miRNAs is …

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is an inducible form of the enzyme that catalyses the synthesis
of prostanoids, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a major mediator of inflammation and …