This paper presents a comprehensive review of ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC)
actuators. Recently, strong emphasis has been put on investigating various ionic polymer …

Over the past decade, soft robot research has expanded to diverse fields, including
biomedicine, bionics, service robots, human–robot interaction, and artificial intelligence …

The methodology and ideas behind educational robotics arise from the 1960s, when the first
hardware platforms together with computers were used in research studies in schools. Since …

Energy harvesting from human motion is a research field under rapid development. In this
tutorial review we address the main physical and physico-chemical processes which can …

Natural muscles show tensile actuation and realize torsional rotation by combining with the
skeleton, which integrate with sensing and signaling function in a single element to form a …

Organisms in nature grow with senses, nervous, and actuation systems coordinated in
ingenious ways to sustain metabolism and other essential life activities. The understanding …

This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer–metal
composite (IPMC) actuator-based bio-inspired active fin capable of bending and twisting …

Emerging bioinspired underwater systems, such as autonomous ocean mapping and
surveillance vehicles, that maneuver through their environment by mimicking the swimming …

Engineers, scientists and designers have been dreaming for decades of artificial motors
sensing by themselves both surrounding and internal conditions, mimicking the …

Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) are smart material transducers that bend in
response to low-voltage stimuli and generate voltage in response to bending. IPMCs are …