Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) signalling are interconnected in the
perception and transmission of environmental signals that control plant growth, development …

Endophytic fungi comprise host-associated fungal communities which thrive within the
tissues of host plants and produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites with various …

Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against
different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and …

Cell walls are essential for plant growth and development, providing support and protection
from external environments. Callose is a glucan that accumulates in specialized cell wall …

Plants deploy extracellular and intracellular immune receptors to sense and restrict
pathogen attacks. Rapidly evolving pathogen effectors play crucial roles in suppressing …

As sessile organisms, plants are constantly exposed to changing environments frequently
under diverse stresses. Invasion by pathogens, including virus, bacterial and fungal …

Climate change, urbanization, and population increase limit food availability. To sustain
human existence, there is the need to increase food and agricultural production to mitigate …

The growth–defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the
allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by …

Simple Summary Fungi can form several different types of associations such as pathogenic
and symbiotic with plants. Pathogenic fungi subject plants to a great deal of pressure by …

Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in
nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study …