In the final steps of energy conservation in aerobic organisms, free energy from electron
transfer through the respiratory chain is transduced into a proton electrochemical gradient …

Enzyme reactions that involve strong coupling between proton and electron transfer are of
fundamental importance in biology. This is particularly evident in the reactions of primary …

Proton channels exist in a wide variety of membrane proteins where they transport protons
rapidly and efficiently. Usually the proton pathway is formed mainly by water molecules …

In the mycobacterial electron-transport chain, respiratory complex III passes electrons from
menaquinol to complex IV, which in turn reduces oxygen, the terminal acceptor. Electron …

A series of metalloprotein complexes embedded in a mitochondrial or bacterial membrane
utilize electron transfer reactions to pump protons across the membrane and create an …

Cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen to water, a process in
which four electrons, four protons, and one molecule of oxygen are consumed. The reaction …

Membrane-bound cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes cell respiration in aerobic organisms and
is a primary energy transducer in biology. The two halves of the catalytic cycle may be …

Cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water that is accompanied by
pumping of four protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane. Triggered by the …

Generation of Δψ (membrane potential) by cytochrome oxidase proteoliposomes oxidizing
superoxide-reduced cytochrome c has been demonstrated. XO+ HX (xanthine oxidase and …

During each turnover of cytochrome oxidase (dioxygen reduced to water), eight protons are
taken up from the inside of the membrane, four protons being used for chemistry (water …