What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are a group of cytokines that play critical roles in regulating a
diverse range of physiological processes in vertebrates. TNFs function by activating a large …

The use of veterinary drugs for the treatments of fish diseases has often health and
environmental side effects and thus alternative more sustainable strategies are needed. In …

Despite the increasing use of protoplasts in plant biotechnology research, shoot
regeneration from protoplasts remains challenging. In this study, we investigated the factors …

Hepcidin, a cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide, has a highly conserved gene structure in
teleosts, and it plays an essential role in host immune response against various pathogenic …

Columnaris disease (CD) caused by Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare) is lack of
knowledge on effective treatment measures. Bacterial pathogens require iron as an …

Background Sphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill
sphaerosporosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in central Europe. For most myxozoans …

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ that plays a pivotal role in the adaptive immune
system. The immunobiology of the thymus in fish is considered to be similar to that of …

In this chapter the cytokine molecules and pathways present in teleost fish are described,
with a focus on the different types of immunity with which they are associated. Whilst there …

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) functions in transporting polymeric
immunoglobulin across epithelial cells into external secretion in animals. During animal …