During the last 100 years, cell signaling has evolved into a common mechanism for most
physiological processes across systems. Although the majority of cell signaling principles …

Previously, we established that as a function of its mode of interaction with its ligand or
cellular conditions such as membrane lipids, preexisting signaling intermediates activation …

CD40 plays dual immunoregulatory roles in Leishmania major infection and tumor
regression. The functional duality emerges from CD40-induced reciprocal p38MAPK and …

Background Ras are small cellular GTPases which regulate diverse cellular processes. It
has three isoforms: H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras. Owing to the N-terminus (1–165 residues) …

Leishmania major is a parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages. We previously
showed that the parasite enhanced CD40-induced Raf-MEK-ERK signaling but inhibited …

The lymph nodes are vital to enable adaptive immune responses to infection. Natural killer
(NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that directly kill cancer cells and modulate the activation …

Leishmania major causes cutaneous leishmaniasis. An antileishmanial vaccine for humans
is unavailable. In this study, we report development of two attenuated L. major strains …

Among the 13 TLRs in the vertebrate systems, only TLR4 utilizes both Myeloid differentiation
factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adapter interferon …

The parasite Leishmania resides as amastigotes within the macrophage parasitophorous
vacuoles inflicting the disease Leishmaniasis. Leishmania selectively modulates mitogen …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and
activate innate immune cells to induce cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules such as …