Innate and adaptive immune cell activation and infiltration is the key characteristic of tissue
inflammation. The innate immune system is the front line of host defense in which innate …

Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by a dysregulated
host response to infection. In sepsis, the immune response that is initiated by an invading …

Inflammation is a complex physiological process triggered in response to harmful stimuli. It
involves cells of the immune system capable of clearing sources of injury and damaged …

Over the past 20 years, breakthrough discoveries of chromatin-modifying enzymes and
associated mechanisms that alter chromatin in response to physiological or pathological …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a prototype of lethal, chronic, progressive interstitial
lung disease of unknown etiology. Over the past decade, macrophage has been recognized …

Monocytes and macrophages provide defence against pathogens and danger signals.
These cells respond to stimulation in a fast and stimulus-specific manner by utilizing …

Immunological memory can be defined as a quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced
immune response upon rechallenge. For natural killer (NK) cells, two main types of memory …

The gut microbiota significantly regulates the development and function of the innate and
adaptive immune system. The attribute of immunological memory has long been linked only …

LPS is a potent trigger of macrophage-mediated inflammation. However, prolonged
exposure to LPS induces a state of tolerance that reprograms the inflammatory response …