Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm
in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells …

Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body. It involves the
spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles in the …

Neurons in the developing brain undergo extensive structural refinement as nascent circuits
adopt their mature form. This physical transformation of neurons is facilitated by the …

The immune system has to cope with a wide range of irregularly shaped pathogens that can
actively move (eg, by flagella) and also dynamically remodel their shape (eg, transition from …

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in blood. From the circulation, they are quickly
mobilized to sites of inflammation and/or infection. At the affected tissues, neutrophils display …

Acne affects 1 in 10 people globally, often resulting in disfigurement. The disease involves
excess production of lipids, particularly squalene, increased growth of Cutibacterium acnes …

One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916). He was
the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this …

Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health …

Cells of the innate immune system, notably macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells,
perform essential antimicrobial and homeostatic functions. These functions rely on the …

There are well-established links between acute inflammation and successful tissue repair
across evolution. Innate immune reactions contribute significantly to pathogen clearance …