The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper
size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body …

Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the most important caloric source with respect to energy
homeostasis in animals. In addition to its evolutionarily conserved importance as an energy …

The interaction of insulin and growth factors with their receptors on the outside surface of a
cell, leads to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and generation of …

Phosphorylation plays a central role in regulating the activation and signalling lifetime of
protein kinases A, B (also known as Akt) and C. These kinases share three conserved …

The systemic regulation of stem cells ensures that they meet the needs of the organism
during growth and in response to injury. A key point of regulation is the decision between …

Background—Postnatal growth of the heart chiefly involves nonproliferative cardiomyocyte
enlargement. Cardiac hypertrophy exists in a “physiological” form that is an adaptive …

Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling (IIS) pathway regulates aging in many
organisms, ranging from simple invertebrates to mammals, including humans. Many seminal …

▪ Abstract Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) exist in insects and are encoded by multigene families
that are expressed in the brain and other tissues. Upon secretion, these peptides likely serve …

Since its discovery 10 years ago, the potential functions of protein kinase B (PKB)/AKT have
been catalogued with increasing efficiency. The physiological relevance of some of the …

Postnatal growth of the heart is primarily achieved through hypertrophy of individual
myocytes. Cardiac growth observed in athletes represents adaptive or physiological …