The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

Proteorhodopsins are widely distributed photoreceptors from marine bacteria. Their
discovery revealed a high degree of evolutionary adaptation to ambient light, resulting in …

Microbial ion-pumping rhodopsins (MRs) are extensively studied retinal-binding membrane
proteins. However, their biogenesis, including oligomerisation and retinal incorporation …

The photoinduced all-trans to 13-cis isomerization of the retinal Schiff base represents the
ultrafast first step in the reaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin (BR). Extensive experimental …

Bacteriophytochrome is a photoreceptor protein that contains the biliverdin (BV)
chromophore as its active component. The spectra of BV upon mutation remain remarkably …

There is a need to shift the absorbance of biomolecules to the optical transparency window
of tissue for applications in optogenetics and photo-pharmacology. There are a few …

Multiscale simulations have been established as a powerful tool to calculate and predict
excitation energies in complex systems such as photoreceptor proteins. In these simulations …

This chapter is an authoritative and extensive review on the use of organic dyes in the new
and exciting field of optogenetics. The authors begin by outlining the essence of …