Background Childhood maltreatment is the most important preventable cause of
psychopathology accounting for about 45% of the population attributable risk for childhood …

The loss of control over drug intake that occurs in addiction was initially believed to result
from disruption of subcortical reward circuits. However, imaging studies in addictive …

INTRODUCTION Although the cerebellum has long been considered to be a purely motor
structure, recent studies have revealed that it also has critical nonmotor functions. Cerebellar …

The field of behavioral economics has made important inroads into the understanding of
substance use disorders through the concept of reinforcer pathology. Reinforcer pathology …

Our understanding of the mechanisms mediating or moderating the placebo response to
medicines has grown substantially over the past decade and offers the opportunity to …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry,
anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can …

The placebo effect has often been considered a nuisance in basic and particularly clinical
research. This view has gradually changed in recent years due to deeper insight into the …

Evidence from behavioral and self-reported data suggests that the patients' beliefs and
expectations can shape both therapeutic and adverse effects of any given drug. We …

For many years, placebos have been defined by their inert content and their use as controls
in clinical trials and treatments in clinical practice. Recent research shows that placebo …