In healthcare, the development and deployment of insufficiently fair systems of artificial
intelligence (AI) can undermine the delivery of equitable care. Assessments of AI models …

Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic
responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical …

The incidence and mortality rates of many non-reproductive human cancers are generally
higher in males than in females. However, the immunological mechanism underlying sexual …

Curing cancer through precision medicine is the paramount aim of the new wave of
molecular and genomic therapies. Currently, whether patients with non-reproductive …

Translation of survival benefits observed in glioblastoma clinical trials to populations and to
longer-term survival remains uncertain. We aimed to assess if≥ 2-year survival has …

Brain macrophages include microglia in the parenchyma, border-associated macrophages
in the meningeal-choroid plexus-perivascular space, and monocyte-derived macrophages …

In 2016, to address the historical overrepresentation of male subjects in biomedical
research, the US National Institutes of Health implemented a policy requiring investigators to …

Primary brain tumors account for~ 1% of new cancer cases and~ 2% of cancer deaths in the
United States; however, they are the most commonly occurring solid tumors in children …

Microglia are resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that control
homeostasis and protect CNS from damage and infections. Microglia and peripheral …

We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a
single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized …