Applying arginine-phosphate (AP) to tree seedlings at planting is a novel silvicultural
practice in Northern Europe to improve the success of forest regeneration. We present three …

In Poland, red deer, roe deer and elk cause great damage to pine stands, and pine is the
predominant forest-forming tree species in Polish forests. Pine seedlings planted adjacent to …

Ungulate populations have surged to unsustainable levels in multiple areas in recent
decades due to human intervention, making forestry and conservation practices arduous …

Cervus elaphus populations are spreading and growing in many parts of Europe. This
growth can have detrimental effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Successful …

Shrubs of the family Ericaceae, including bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), cowberry (V.
vitisidaea) and heather (Calluna vulgaris), often dominate the understory in Eurasian boreal …