Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that can activate transcription remotely to regulate a
specific pattern of a gene's expression. Genes typically have many enhancers that are often …

In eukaryotes, DNA is packaged into chromatin, which presents significant barriers to
transcription. Non-histone chromatin proteins such as the Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) …

Recent advances enabled by the Hi-C technique have unraveled many principles of
chromosomal folding that were subsequently linked to disease and gene regulation. In …

Insulators are DNA sequences that control the interactions among genomic regulatory
elements and act as chromatin boundaries. A thorough understanding of their location and …

Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated by enhancer–promoter interactions but the
molecular mechanisms that govern specificity have remained elusive. Genome-wide studies …

Sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) are critical for specifying patterns and levels of
gene expression, but target DNA elements are not sufficient to specify TF binding in vivo. In …

A major challenge in biology is to understand how complex gene expression patterns are
encoded in the genome. While transcriptional enhancers have been studied extensively, few …

Chromatin insulators are DNA elements that regulate the level of gene expression either by
preventing gene silencing through the maintenance of heterochromatin boundaries or by …

Insulators prevent promiscuous gene regulation by restricting the action of enhancers and
silencers. Recent studies have revealed a number of similarities between insulators and …

Insulators are multiprotein–DNA complexes that regulate the nuclear architecture. The
Drosophila CP190 protein is a cofactor for the DNA-binding insulator proteins Su (Hw) …