Lactation is critical to infant short-term and long-term health and protects mothers from
breast cancer, ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mammary gland is a …

The mammary gland is a compound, branched tubuloalveolar structure and a major
characteristic of mammals. The mammary gland has evolved from epidermal apocrine …

Oestradiol establishes neural sex differences in many vertebrates 1, 2, 3 and modulates
mood, behaviour and energy balance in adulthood 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. In the canonical pathway …

The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its
epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by …

The mammary gland develops through several distinct stages. The first transpires in the
embryo as the ectoderm forms a mammary line that resolves into placodes. Regulated by …

Synthetic progestogens (progestins) have been linked to increased breast cancer risk;
however, the role of endogenous progesterone in breast physiology and carcinogenesis is …

By eliciting distinct transcriptional responses, the oestrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ
exert opposite effects on cellular processes that include proliferation, apoptosis and …

Sexually dimorphic mammalian tissues, including sexual organs and the brain, contain stem
cells that are directly or indirectly regulated by sex hormones,,,,,. An important question is …

Background The long time from exposure to potentially harmful chemicals until breast
cancer occurrence poses challenges for designing etiologic studies and for implementing …

Mammary gland development occurs through distinctive stages throughout embryonic and
pubertal development and reproductive life. At each stage, different signals are required to …