Abstract Pancrustacea (Hexapoda plus Crustacea) display an enormous diversity of eye
designs, including multiple types of compound eyes and single-chambered eyes, often with …

Rhodopsin is the classical light sensor. Although rhodopsin has long been known to be
important for image formation in the eye, the requirements for opsins in non–image …

Tardigrades are meiofaunal ecdysozoans that are key to understanding the origins of
Arthropoda. Many species of Tardigrada can survive extreme conditions through …

The opsin gene family encodes key proteins animals use to sense light and has expanded
dramatically as it originated early in animal evolution. Understanding the origins of opsin …

Abstract Background The Hemiptera (aphids, cicadas, and true bugs) are a key insect order,
with high diversity for feeding ecology and excellent experimental tractability for molecular …

Insects comprise the most diverse and successful animal group with over one million
described species that are found in almost every terrestrial and limnic habitat, with many …

Phototaxis is characteristic of the pelagic larval stage of most bottom-dwelling marine
invertebrates [1]. Larval phototaxis is mediated by simple eyes that can express various …

The family Hypsibiidae comprises four subfamilies, among which Itaquasconinae are the
most abundant in genera. Although being morphologically diverse and cosmopolitan …

Moulting is a characteristic feature of Ecdysozoa—the clade of moulting animals that
includes the hyperdiverse arthropods and less speciose groups, such as onychophorans …

Ciliary and rhabdomeric opsins are employed by different kinds of photoreceptor cells, such
as ciliary vertebrate rods and cones or protostome microvillar eye photoreceptors, that have …