Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated
brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with …

Considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of rapid-eye-
movement (REM) sleep have occurred over the past decade. Much of this progress can be …

Highlights•Glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus provide main ascending
arousal influence from the brainstem.•GABAergic neurons in the brainstem provide the main …

The preoptic area (POA) is necessary for sleep, but the fundamental POA circuits have
remained elusive. Previous studies showed that galanin (GAL)-and GABA-producing …

Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific
interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation …

Abstract Slow waves (0.5–4 Hz) predominate in the cortical electroencephalogram during
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in mammals. They reflect the synchronization of …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

The development of cutting-edge techniques to study specific brain regions and neural
circuits that regulate sleep–wake brain states and general anesthesia (GA), has increased …