Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) were first documented by ancient Egyptians more than 3000
years ago. Cardiotonic steroids are a group of steroid hormones that circulate in the blood of …

Marinobufagenin (MBG) is a member of the bufadienolide family of compounds, which are
natural cardiac glycosides found in a variety of animal species, including man, which have …

Avoiding predation is critical to survival of animals; chemical defenses represent a common
strategy among amphibians. In this study, we examined histologically the morphology of skin …

Amphibians are known by cutaneous glands, spread over the skin, containing toxins
(proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, steroidal bufadienolides, and alkaloids) used as …

Background Amphibian defence against predators and microorganisms is directly related to
cutaneous glands that produce a huge number of different toxins. These glands are …

Amphibians have many skin poison glands used in passive defense, in which the aggressor
causes its own poisoning when biting prey. In some amphibians the skin glands accumulate …

Anuran toxins released from the skin glands are involved in defence against predators and
microorganisms. Secretion from parotoid macroglands of bufonid toads is a rich source of …

Phyllomedusa bicolor (Phyllomedusidae), popularly known as the kambô in Brazil, is a tree
frog that is widely distributed in South American countries and is known for producing a skin …

In amphibians, secretions of toxins from specialized skin poison glands play a central role in
defense against predators. The production of toxic secretions is often associated with …

Amphibian granular glands provide a wide range of compounds on the skin that defend
against pathogens and predators. We identified three bufadienolides—the steroid-like …