Calcium ions (Ca 2+) impact nearly every aspect of cellular life. This review examines the
principles of Ca 2+ signaling, from changes in protein conformations driven by Ca 2+ to the …

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is the simplest and most versatile intracellular messenger known.
The discovery of Ca2+ sparks and a related family of elementary Ca2+ signaling events has …

Transient rises in the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions serve as second messenger
signals that control many neuronal functions. Selective triggering of these functions is …

The cardiac action potential (AP) is critical for initiating and coordinating myocyte
contraction. In particular, the early repolarization period of the AP (phase 1) strongly …

Ca2+ functions as an important signaling messenger right from beginning of life to the final
moments of the end of life. Ca2+ is needed at several steps of the cell cycle such as early …

Communication between cell surface proteins and the nucleus is integral to many cellular
adaptations. In the case of ion channels in excitable cells, the dynamics of signaling to the …

The incidence and expression of cardiovascular diseases differs between the sexes. This is
not surprising, as cardiac physiology differs between men and women. Clinical and basic …

Background—Cardiomyocytes use Ca2+ not only in excitation-contraction coupling but also
as a signaling molecule promoting, for example, cardiac hypertrophy. It is largely unclear …

The history of the development of the ideas and research of organized metabolic systems
during last three decades is shortly reviewed. The cell cytoplasm is crowded with solutes …

Since cardiac transplantation is limited by the small availability of donor organs,
regeneration of the diseased myocardium by cell transplantation is an attractive therapeutic …