Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, acting
as delivery vehicles for molecular messages. During the last decade, EVs have been …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the size of 40–100 nm in diameter and a density of
1.13–1.19 g/mL, containing proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and DNAs. Exosomes change the …

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease that not only
significantly impairs the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly individuals but also …

Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the breakdown of the discs
supporting the vertebrae. It is one of the most frequent causes of back pain worldwide …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been revealed to hold great potential for the
development of new treatment approaches for various diseases. However, the clinical use of …

In mammals, resting primordial follicles serve as the ovarian reserve. The decline in ovarian
function with aging is characterized by a gradual decrease in both the quantity and quality of …

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is clinically irreversible in women aged over 40 years.
Although numerous studies have demonstrated satisfactory outcomes of mesenchymal stem …

Background Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of nano-structures and represent an
emerging nano-scale acellular therapy in recent years. Tendon regeneration is a …

Organs whose source is the mesoderm lineage contain a subpopulation of stem cells that
are able to differentiate among mesodermal derivatives (chondrocytes, osteocytes …

Objective. Rapid restoration of corneal epithelium integrity after injury is particularly
important for preserving corneal transparency and vision. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) …