Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare, adverse event that can occur when local
anesthetics are administered despite advances in technique. Patients can experience mild …

Background Total spinal anaesthesia (TSA) is an emergency caused by high neuraxial
blockade. It is a recognised complication of all neuraxial techniques in obstetric …

Maternal and neonatal outcomes in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain poor,
despite gradual improvement. The global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has declined from …

Background Spinal anesthesia-induced maternal hypotension is the most frequent
complication associated with maternal morbidity and mortality during Cesarean section. The …

Hypotension is common after spinal local anaesthesia for caesarean section. However, the
substandard treatment of spinal hypotension and associated complications are responsible …

The management of spinal hypotension during caesarean section remains an important
clinical challenge. Currently, more women are reported to die during spinal-than general …

Obstetric spinal anaesthesia is routinely used in South African district hospitals for
caesarean sections, providing better maternal and neonatal outcomes than general …

Background Hypotension is the most common serious scenario in patients undergoing
cesarean sections under spinal anesthesia. Care bundles have been employed using a set …

Spinal or subarachnoid anaesthesia is a regional block where intrathecal nerve structures
near the spinal cord are anaesthetised. A small amount of local anaesthetic is injected …

Anaesthesia for caesarean section: the gold standard is spinal anaesthesia, eg with
bupivacaine heavy 7.5–10 mg dependent on patient's height. Put a pillow or wedge under …