Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17
million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting …

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality in women. While traditional
cardiovascular risk factors play an important role in the development of IHD in women …

Heart failure affects over 2.6 million women and 3.4 million men in the United States with
known sex differences in epidemiology, management, response to treatment, and outcomes …

Nearly all cardiovascular diseases show sexual dimorphisms in prevalence, presentation,
and outcomes. Until recently, most clinical trials were carried out in males, and many animal …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM or T2D) is a devastating metabolic abnormality featured by
insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. T2D provokes unique metabolic …

Abstract Purpose of Review Sex hormones drive development and function of reproductive
organs or the development of secondary sex characteristics but their effects on the …

Atherosclerosis, a lipid‐driven inflammatory disease, is the main underlying cause of
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) both in men and women. Sex‐related dimorphisms …

Biological sex influences disease development and progression. The steroid hormone 17β-
oestradiol (E2), along with its receptors, is expected to play a major role in the manifestation …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although
major diagnostic and therapeutic advances have significantly improved the prognosis of …

At least one-half of the growing heart failure population consists of heart failure with
preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The limited therapeutic options, the complexity of the …