Although chemotherapy, targeted therapy and endocrine therapy decrease rate of disease
recurrence in most breast cancer patients, many patients exhibit acquired resistance …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which over time acquires various adaptive
changes leading to more aggressive biological characteristics and development of treatment …

Owing to improved early surveillance and advanced therapy strategies, the current death
rate due to breast cancer has decreased; nevertheless, drug resistance and relapse remain …

Background Tamoxifen (TAM) and fulvestrant (FUL) are the major drugs for patients with
estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers. However, the development of endocrine …

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (22 nucleotides), single-stranded, non-coding
RNAs that form complimentary base-pairs with the 3′ untranslated region of target mRNAs …

Therapies targeting estrogen receptor α (ERα) including selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs), eg., tamoxifen; selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) …

Purpose Endocrine resistance limits the efficacy of anti-estrogen therapies. Notch signaling
is involved in modulating tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) differentiation and is …

Tamoxifen (TAM) is a major adjuvant therapy for patients who are diagnosed with estrogen
receptor‐α (ER)–positive breast cancer; however, TAM resistance occurs often during …

Background/Aims: Most of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients respond well
initially to endocrine therapies, but often develop resistance during treatment with selective …

Endocrine resistance remains a challenge and an unmet need for managing hormone
receptor-positive breast cancer. The mechanisms of endocrine resistance are multifaceted …