Review of the role of human M1 and M2 macrophage polarization in HIV-1 infection.
Polarization of MP into classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2a, M2b, and …

Macrophages play a crucial role in innate and adaptative immunity in response to
microorganisms and are an important cellular target during HIV-1 infection. Recently, the …

Persistent viral infection and its associated chronic diseases are a global health concern.
Interleukin (IL) 17–producing Th17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of …

The natural process of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is
characterized by high viral load, immune cell exhaustion, and immunodeficiency, which …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and depletes CD4+ T cells, but subsets of
CD4+ T cells vary in their susceptibility and permissiveness to infection. For example, HIV …

Monocytes and macrophages are targets of HIV-1 infection and play critical roles in multiple
aspects of viral pathogenesis. HIV-1 can replicate in blood monocytes, although only a …

Abstract Nitazoxanide (Alinia®, NTZ) and tizoxanide (TIZ), its active circulating metabolite,
belong to a class of agents known as thiazolides (TZD) endowed with broad anti-infective …

Between 2016 and 2018, Brazil faced a yellow fever (YF) outbreak, which led to an
expansion of vaccination coverage. The coexistence of the YF outbreak and the HIV-1 …

Objective: The cytokine/chemokine network is used by the innate and adaptive immune
system to orchestrate effective immune responses. Here, we describe the cross-sectional …

One pathological hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic activation of the immune system,
driven, in part, by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The host attempts to …