In deep-sea source localization, some of the existing methods only estimate the source
range, while the others produce large errors in distance estimation when estimating both the …

In deep water, multipath time delays or frequency-domain interference periods of the
acoustic intensity combined with multipath arrival angles are typically used for source …

Source depth estimation is an important yet very difficult task for passive sonars, especially
for horizontal linear arrays (HLAs). This paper proposes an efficient two-step depth …

Multiple approaches for depth estimation in deep-ocean environments are discussed. First,
a multispectral transformation for depth estimation (MSTDE) method based on the low …

A publication by McCargar and Zurk [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133 (4), EL320–EL325 (2013)]
introduced a passive source depth estimation method for a moving tonal source with a …

For an acoustic receiver deployed at the bottom of the direct arrival zone of a submerged
source at short horizontal ranges in deep ocean, the interference pattern of the direct and …

This paper develops an approach that estimates the range and depth of a broadband source
by adopting the vector hydrophone vertical array (VHVA) in the deep ocean. The sound field …

A vertical line array can be deployed in deep water below the critical depth, the depth where
the sound speed equals the sound speed at the surface, to take advantage of the lower …

For a bottom-moored vertical line array in the direct arrival zone, interference patterns have
been used for source depth estimation. The interference pattern shows periodic modulation …

Depth-related striations in the acoustic intensities due to interference between the direct and
sea surface reflected arrivals have been exploited to estimate the source depth by vertical …