Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that, whilst initially driven by
activation of brain reward neurocircuits, increasingly engages anti-reward neurocircuits that …

Public health authorities have described, with growing alarm, an unprecedented increase in
morbidity and mortality associated with use of opioid pain relievers (OPRs). Efforts to …

Background Opioid dependence is associated with substantial health and social burdens,
and opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is highly effective in improving multiple outcomes for …

Illicit use of opiates is the fastest growing substance use problem in the United States, and
the main reason for seeking addiction treatment services for illicit drug use throughout the …

Background Buprenorphine maintenance treatment has been evaluated in randomised
controlled trials against placebo medication, and separately as an alternative to methadone …

Objectives: Identify the etiology of opioid use disorder medical conditions and emergencies.
Outline the appropriate evaluation of opioid use disorder. Review the management options …

Background Methadone, a full mu-opioid agonist, is the recommended treatment for opioid
dependence during pregnancy. However, prenatal exposure to methadone is associated …

The opioid epidemic is one of the greatest public health problems that the USA faces. Opioid
overdose death rates have increased steadily for more than a decade and doubled in 2013 …

Drug use represents a significant burden to public health through disease, disability and
social problems, and policy makers are becoming increasingly interested in how to develop …

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