Cancer cells can evade the attack from host immune systems via hijacking the regulatory
circuits mediated by immune checkpoints. Therefore, reactivating the antitumor immunity by …

Major progress has been made toward our understanding of the programmed death-
1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway (referred to as the PD pathway). mAbs …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are both important stimulatory receptors for the regulation of T cell
activation. Because receptors share common ligands, B7. 1 and B7. 2, the expression and …

Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance
between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory …

The immune system is guided by a series of checks and balances, a major component of
which is a large array of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that modulate the host …

Both the CTLA-4 pathway and regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for the control of
immune homeostasis. Their therapeutic relevance is highlighted by the increasing use of …

This report shows that cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) plays a key
role in T cell–mediated dominant immunologic self-tolerance. In vivo blockade of CTLA-4 for …

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the production of autoreactive
lymphocytes, immune responses to self-antigens, and inflammation in related tissues and …

It is now clear that functionally specialized regulatory T (Treg) cells exist as part of the
normal immune repertoire, preventing the development of pathogenic responses to both self …

CD28/B7 costimulation has been implicated in the induction and progression of autoimmune
diseases. Experimentally induced models of autoimmunity have been shown to be …