Synaptic activity initiates biochemical processes that have various outcomes, including the
formation of memories, increases in neuronal survival and the development of chronic pain …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest single intracellular organelle, which is present
in all types of nerve cells. The ER is an interconnected, internally continuous system of …

Dopamine (DA) is a major catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain that
controls neural circuits involved in the cognitive, emotional, and motor aspects of goal …

Dopamine (DA) is a key transmitter in the basal ganglia, yet DA transmission does not
conform to several aspects of the classic synaptic doctrine. Axonal DA release occurs …

All cells use changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+] i) to regulate cell
signalling events. In neurons, with their elaborate dendritic and axonal arborizations, there …

The medial preoptic area (MPOA), at the rostral end of the hypothalamus, is important for the
regulation of male sexual behavior. Results showing that male sexual behavior is impaired …

The ability of the Cav1 channel inhibitor isradipine to slow the loss of substantia nigra pars
compacta (SNc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the progression of Parkinson's disease …

Dopamine (DA) midbrain neurons project to several striatal and cortical target areas and are
essentially involved in a puzzling variety of important brain functions such as action …

Almost 25 years after the first report that glutamate can activate receptors coupled to
heterotrimeric G-proteins, tremendous progress has been made in the field of metabotropic …

Activation of dopamine receptors in forebrain regions, for minutes or longer, is known to be
sufficient for positive reinforcement of stimuli and actions. However, the firing rate of …