In nature, animals display defensive behaviors that reflect the spatiotemporal distance of
threats. Laboratory-based paradigms that elicit specific defensive responses in rodents have …

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and has one of
the highest fatality rates of any disease. There are many clinical signs and symptoms after …

Background There is increasing interest in the gut‐brain axis and the role intestinal
microbiota may play in communication between these two systems. Acquisition of intestinal …

Main In recent years, substantial advances in social neuroscience have been realized,
including the generation of numerous rodent models of autism spectrum disorder. Still, it can …

The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been
validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones …

Psychology and microbiology make unlikely friends, but the past decade has witnessed
striking bidirectional associations between intrinsic gut microbes and the brain, relationships …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Human anxiety disorders are broadly grouped according to symptomology and
responsiveness to pharmacological and psychological treatment [1, 2]. Generalized anxiety …

The plus-maze, the light–dark box and the open-field are the main current tests of
unconditioned anxiety for mice and rats. Despite their disappointing achievements, they …