Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

With the world's population ageing, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is on the rise.
In recent years, inflammatory processes have emerged as prominent contributors to the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. While a number of
nonmotor manifestations arise, the typical clinical features involve a movement disorder …

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate
transmission efficiency depends on the correct functionality and expression of a plethora of …

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease
(AD) impose a pressing burden on our developed and consequently aging society …

Exosomes are naturally occurring nanosized vesicles that have attracted considerable
attention as drug delivery vehicles in the past few years. Exosomes are comprised of natural …

Inflammation occurs as a result of exposure of tissues and organs to harmful stimuli such as
microbial pathogens, irritants, or toxic cellular components. The primary physical …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-associated
neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and …

Microglia are the most abundant immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), where
they interact with neurons and exhibit a wide array of functions in physiological and …

Autophagy and apoptosis are basic physiologic processes contributing to the maintenance
of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses pathways that target long-lived cytosolic …