Many studies have been undertaken to reveal how tobacco smoke skews immune
responses contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease …

Smoking is relevant to infectious diseases resulting in increased prevalence and mortality. In
this article, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of smoking in various infections and …

Background Nutritional status is a well-known risk factor for metabolic and endocrine
disorders. Recent studies suggest that dietary intake also affects immune function and as a …

Community-Acquired Pneumonia | New England Journal of Medicine Skip to main content
Access provided byTE WHATU ORA HEALTH NEW ZEALAND COUNTIES MANUKAU The …

Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) causes considerable morbidity and
mortality in adults, particularly in the elderly. Methods Structured searches of PubMed were …

Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The
outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is …

Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer,
chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks …

SYNOPSIS OF RECOMMENDATIONS A summary of the initial management of patients
admitted to hospital with suspected community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is presented in …

Improving the care of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been
the focus of many different organizations, and several have developed guidelines for …

Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be associated with high rates of mortality and long-
term neurological sequelae. The most common route of infection starts by nasopharyngeal …