Neurons in the brainstem implicated in the initiation of locomotion include glutamatergic,
noradrenergic (NA), dopaminergic (DA), and serotonergic (5-HT) neurons giving rise to …

Over the past 40 years, much has been learned about the role of serotonin in spinal cord
reflex modulation and locomotor pattern generation. This review presents an historical …

Hyperexcitability of spinal reflexes and reduced synaptic inhibition are commonly associated
with spasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). In adults, the activation of γ-aminobutyric acidA …

Mammalian motor programs are controlled by networks of spinal interneurons that set the
rhythm and intensity of motor neuron firing. Motor neurons have long been known to receive …

The neuronal networks that generate vertebrate movements such as walking and swimming
are embedded in the spinal cord,,. These networks, which are referred to as central pattern …

To effect movement, motoneurons must respond appropriately to motor commands. Their
responsiveness to these inputs, or excitability, is regulated by neuromodulators. Possible …

Locomotion is a complex behavior required for animal survival. Vertebrate locomotion
depends on spinal interneurons termed the central pattern generator (CPG), which …

Neural networks in the spinal cord known as central pattern generators produce the
sequential activation of muscles needed for locomotion. The overall locomotor network …

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are generally defined as networks of neurons capable of
enabling the production of central commands, specifically controlling stereotyped, rhythmic …

We examined the ability of the isolated lumbosacral spinal cord of the neonatal mouse (P0–
7) to generate rhythmic motor activity under several different conditions. In the absence of …