Macular edema consists of intra-or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It
occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of …

Oxidative stress has been considered as a major hallmark for the pathogenesis and
development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but still it is debatable whether it is a mere …

The diabetic wound is easily to develop into a chronic wound because of the extremely
serious and complex inflammatory microenvironment including biofilm formation, over …

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of several medical conditions that collectively predict
the risk for cardiovascular disease better than the sum of individual conditions. The risk of …

Objective Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and its
prevalence is increasing worldwide. Although conventional antidiabetic agents are known to …

The dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells plays a central role in the onset and progression of
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin secretory defects in β-cells are characterized by a …

Obesity is a global health difficulty characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat that
increases body weight. Obesity has been studied in multiple animal models, of which those …

Although no single animal model replicates all aspects of diabetes mellitus in humans,
animal models are essential for the study of energy balance and metabolism control as well …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing the prevalence worldwide at an alarming rate,
becoming a serious public health problem that mainly affects developing countries …

Abstract Background MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is closely associated with diabetic peripheral
neuropathy (DPN). Astragaloside IV (AST) is a significant extract of Astragalus …