Ischemic heart disease still represents a large burden on individuals and health care
resources worldwide. By conventions, it is equated with atherosclerotic plaque due to flow …

Levosimendan was first approved for clinical use in 2000, when authorization was granted
by Swedish regulatory authorities for the hemodynamic stabilization of patients with acutely …

Heart failure is a complex syndrome responsible for high rates of death and hospitalization.
Ischemic heart disease is one of the most frequent causes of heart failure and it is normally …

End of life is an unfortunate but inevitable phase of the heart failure patients' journey. It is
often preceded by a stage in the progression of heart failure defined as advanced heart …

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex syndrome that results from structural and functional
disturbances that affect the ability of the heart to supply oxygen to tissues. It largely affects …

Background Functional status assessment is the cornerstone of heart failure management
and trials. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and 6‐minute walk …

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has several risk factors, among which diabetes mellitus
represents one of the most important. In diabetic patients, the pathophysiology of myocardial …

Magnesium is an essential mineral naturally present in the human body, where it acts as
cofactor in several enzymatic reactions. Magnesium is a key cardiovascular regulator, which …

Advanced heart failure (AdHF) represents a challenging aspect of heart failure patients.
Because of worsening clinical symptoms, high rates of re-hospitalization and mortality, AdHF …

Inotropes aim at increasing cardiac output by enhancing cardiac contractility. They constitute
the third pharmacological pillar in the treatment of patients with decompensated heart …