Reproduction is controlled by a sequential regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary–gonadal
(HPG) axis. The HPG axis integrates multiple inputs to maintain proper reproductive …

Gonadal steroid feedback regulates the brain's patterned secretion of gonadotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH). Negative feedback, which occurs in males and during the …

Neuropeptides being regulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity,
also affect the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by regulating …

The obligatory role of kisspeptin (KISS1) and its receptor (KISS1R) in regulating the
hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, puberty and fertility was uncovered in 2003. In the few …

The effect of stress on reproduction and gonadal function has captivated investigators for
almost 100 years. Following the identification of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) …

GnRH neurons are the final central neural output regulating fertility. Kisspeptin neurons in
the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (KNDy neurons) are considered the main regulator of …

Allostasis provides a supporting role to the homeostatic control of biological variables in
mammalian species. While the concept of homeostasis is related to the control of variables …

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is one of the most common causes of
secondary amenorrhea, resulting in anovulation and infertility, and is a low estrogen state …

It has now been about a century since a flurry of discoveries identified first the pituitary, then
more specifically the anterior pituitary and soon thereafter the central nervous system as …

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) in rodents mimics the hypoxia‐induced elevation of blood
pressure seen in individuals experiencing episodic breathing. The brainstem nucleus tractus …