Cancer starts as a localised disease, which, if detected early, can often be treated
successfully by removal of the primary tumour. A pernicious progression is the invasion of …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Research has revealed that local application of exogenous opioid agonists produces a
potent analgesic effect by activating peripheral opioid receptors in inflamed tissues. The …

The role of inflammation in nervous system injury and disease is attracting increased
attention. Much of that research has focused on microglia in the central nervous system …

Mechanisms of endogenous pain control are significant. Increasing studies have clearly
produced evidence for the clinical usefulness of opioids in peripheral analgesia. The …

The analgesic property of opiates has been known since ancient times. Only recently has an
appreciation of the broad effects of opioids on the inflammatory response emerged. Acting …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is modified by its cellular or acellular components
throughout the whole period of tumor development. The dynamic modulation can reprogram …

Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system as well
as in numerous nonneuronal tissues. Both animal models and human clinical data support …

Immunotherapy in the critically ill is an appealing notion because of the apparent abnormal
immune and inflammatory responses seen in so many patients. The administration of a …

Opioids have a long history of therapeutic use as a remedy for various pain states ranging
from mild acute nociceptive pain to unbearable chronic advanced or end-stage disease …