▪ Abstract In the two decades since Janzen described how to be a fig, more than 200 papers
have appeared on fig wasps (Agaonidae) and their host plants (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Fig …

Over the past decade a proliferation of research has enriched and dramatically altered our
understanding of the biology of figs, their pollinator wasps, and the myriad of other …

Mutualisms play a key role in most ecosystems, yet the mechanisms that prevent
overexploitation of the mutualistic relationship are still poorly understood. In the mutualism …

This book provides an up-to-date review of the biology of parasitic Hymenoptera, focusing
primarily on genetics, developmental biology, physiology, anatomy and molecular biology …

Mutualisms are of central importance in biological systems. Despite growing attention in
recent years, however, few conceptual themes have yet to be identified that span …

Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) are either monoecious or gynodioecious depending on the
arrangement of unisexual florets within the specialized inflorescence or syconium. The …

Figs and fig wasps form one of the best known examples of species-specific mutualism and
coevolution. Recent experiments and observations have led to a better understanding of the …

Cooperation invites cheating, and nowhere is this more apparent than when different
species cooperate, known as mutualism. In almost all mutualisms studied, specialist …

1. There are over 700 species of fig trees in the tropics and several thousand species of fig
wasps are associated with their syconia (inflorescences). These wasps comprise a …

The high diversity of mutualisms has probably limited the development of a general theory
about their evolution and their stability. Here we review conflicts of interests occurring in the …