Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although the
pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is not entirely clear, the aberrant aggregation of α …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer.
EVs contain biological molecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. As these …

The levels and conformers of alpha‐synuclein are critical in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's
Disease and related synucleinopathies. Homeostatic mechanisms in protein degradation …

Abstract Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD).
Gene duplications, triplications and point mutations in SNCA1, the gene encoding α-syn …

Amphisomes are intermediate/hybrid organelles produced through the fusion of endosomes
with autophagosomes within cells. Amphisome formation is an essential step during a …

Post-translational modification (PTM) is an essential mechanism for enhancing the
functional diversity of proteins and adjusting their signaling networks. The reversible …

In response to environmental stimuli, cells make a series of adaptive changes to combat the
injury, repair the damage, and increase the tolerance to the stress. However, once the …

Mutations in vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) have been linked to familial Parkinson's
disease (PD). VPS35, a component of the retromer, mediates the retrograde transport of …

In recent years, a new generation of animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) based on
ectopic expression, overexpression, or intracerebral injection of the protein α-synuclein have …

Due to their post-mitotic state, metabolic demands and often large polarised morphology, the
function and survival of neurons is dependent on an efficient cellular waste clearance …