Histidine kinases (HKs) are major players in bacterial signaling. There has been an
explosion of new HK crystal structures in the last 5 years. We globally analyze the structures …

Perceiving environmental and internal information and reacting in adaptive ways are
essential attributes of living organisms. Two-component systems are relevant protein …

Reversible protein phosphorylation is the most widespread regulatory mechanism in signal
transduction. Autophosphorylation in a dimeric sensor histidine kinase is the first step in two …

Specific protein− protein interactions are crucial in the cell, both to ensure the formation and
stability of multiprotein complexes and to enable signal transduction in various pathways …

The evolution of novel functions in biology relies heavily on gene duplication and
divergence, creating large paralogous protein families. Selective pressure to avoid …

Bacteria use two-component systems (TCSs) to sense and respond to environmental
changes. The core genome of the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus encodes …

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a serious threat to human health, with few
treatment options being available. New therapeutics are urgently needed to relieve the …

Two‐component systems (TCS) constitute the predominant means by which prokaryotes
read out and adapt to their environment. Canonical TCSs comprise a sensor histidine kinase …

Microorganisms live in fluctuating environments, requiring stress response pathways to
resist environmental insults and stress. These pathways dynamically monitor cellular status …

Two-component systems (TCS) are protein machineries that enable cells to respond to input
signals. Histidine kinases (HK) are the sensory component, transferring information toward …