Short-acting β-adrenergic receptor agonists have pharmacologically predictable dose-
related and potency-related adverse effects, including tachycardia and tremor, and they also …

The combination of heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents many
therapeutic challenges. The cornerstones of therapy are beta-blockers and beta-agonists …

Better understand the complexities of pharmacology and physiology relevant to your
practice with the brand-new medical reference book, Pharmacology and Physiology for …

Background: The growing list of non-antiarrhythmic drugs associated with QT prolongation
and the relevant regulatory interventions have generated concern for two reasons. First, QT …

Although large surveys have documented the favourable safety profile of β 2-adrenoceptor
agonists (β 2-agonists) and, above all, that of the long-acting agents, the presence in the …

Patients with asthma have exaggerated bronchoconstriction of their airways in response to
certain indirect (eg cold air, allergens, dust, exercise) or direct (eg inhaled methacholine) …

BACKGROUND The main adverse effects of inhaled long acting β2 agonists relate to their
systemic activity. The systemic effects seen over eight hours after inhalation of three doses of …

Most pharmaceutical companies test their discovery-stage proprietary molecules in a battery
of in vitro pharmacology assays to try to determine off-target interactions. During all phases …

Background: Medications used to treat respiratory diseases include beta-adrenoceptors,
antimuscarinics, inhaled and oral corticosteroids, and theophyllines. Most of these drugs …

Salmeterol is an inhaled long-acting selective β2-adrenoceptor agonist that is commercially
available as the xinafoate (1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid) salt of the racemic mixture of the two …